Diels-Alder Reaction Experimental Design

The Diels-Alder Reaction is an organic chemical reaction. A conjugated diene and a substituted alkene react and form a substituted cyclohexene system.

More information about the reaction can be found in ...

Model Formulation

Differential equation system:

$\begin{array}{rcl} \dot{n_1}(t) &=& -k \cdot \frac{n_1(t) \ \cdot \ n_2(t)}{m_{tot}}, \\ & & \\ \dot{n_2}(t) &=& -k \cdot \frac{n_1(t) \ \cdot \ n_2(t)}{m_{tot}}, \\ & & \\ \dot{n_2}(t) &=& \ \ k \cdot \frac{n_1(t) \ \cdot \ n_2(t)}{m_{tot}} \end{array}$

Solvent:

$\begin{array}{rcl} n_4 &=& n_{a4} \end{array}$

Reaction velocity constant:

$k = k_1 \ \cdot \ exp(- \frac{E_1}{R} \ \cdot \ (\frac{1}{T(t)} \ - \ \frac{1}{T_{ref}}) ) \ + \ k_{cat} \ \cdot \ c_{cat} \ \cdot \ exp(-\lambda \ \cdot \ t) \ \cdot \ exp( - \frac{E_{cat}}{R} \ \cdot \ (\ \frac{1}{T(t)} \ - \ \frac{1}{T_{ref}}) )$

Total mass:

$m_{tot} = n_1 \ \cdot \ M_1 \ + \ n_2 \ \cdot \ M_2 \ + \ n_3 \ \cdot \ M_3 \ + \ n_4 \ \cdot \ M_4$

Temperature in Kelvin:

$T(t) = \vartheta (t) + 273$

The ODE system is summarized to:

$\begin{array}{rcl} \dot{x}(t) &=& f(x(t), u(t), p) \end{array}$

Optimum Experimental Design Problem

$\begin{array}{cll} \displaystyle \min_{x, G, F, u} && trace(F^{-1} (t_{end})) \\[1.5ex] \mbox{s.t.} \\ \dot{x}(t) & = & f(x(t), u(t),p), \\ \\ \dot{h}(t) & = & \frac{n_3(t) \ \cdot \ M_3}{m_{tot}} \ \cdot \ 100 \\ \\ \dot{G}(t) & = & f_x(x(t),u(t),p)G(t) \ + \ f_p(x(t),u(t),p) \\ \\ \dot{F}(t) & = & w(t) (h_x(x(t),u(t),p)G(t))^T (h_x(x(t),u(t),p)G(t)) \\ \\ 0.1 & \le & n_{a1} \ \cdot \ M_1 \ + \ n_{a2} \ \cdot \ M_2 \ + \ n_{a4} \ \cdot \ M_4 \\ \\ 10 & \ge & n_{a1} \ \cdot \ M_1 \ + \ n_{a2} \ \cdot \ M_2 \ + \ n_{a4} \ \cdot \ M_4 \\ \\ 0.1 & \le & \frac{ n_{a1} \ \cdot \ M_1 \ + \ n_{a2} \ \cdot \ M_2 }{ n_{a1} \ \cdot \ M_1 \ + \ n_{a2} \ \cdot \ M_2 \ + \ n_{a4} \ \cdot \ M_4 } \\ \\ 0.7 & \ge & \frac{ n_{a1} \ \cdot \ M_1 \ + \ n_{a2} \ \cdot \ M_2 }{ n_{a1} \ \cdot \ M_1 \ + \ n_{a2} \ \cdot \ M_2 \ + \ n_{a4} \ \cdot \ M_4 } \\ \\ 0 & = & \vartheta_{lo}, \forall \, t \in [t_0,2] \\ \\ 0 & = & \vartheta_{lo} + \frac{t-2}{6} ( \vartheta_{up} - \vartheta_{lo} ) , \forall \, t \in [2,8] \\ \\ 0 & = & \vartheta_{up}, \forall \, t \in [8,t_{end}] \\ \\ x & \in & \mathcal{X},\,u \in \mathcal{U},\, p \in P. \end{array}$

State variables
Name	Symbol	Initial value ( $t_0$ )
Molar number 1	$n_1(t)$	$n_1(t_0) = n_{a1}$
Molar number 2	$n_2(t)$	$n_2(t_0) = n_{a2}$
Molar number 3	$n_3(t)$	$n_3(t_0) = 0$

Constants
Name	Symbol	Value
Molar Mass	$M_1$	0.1362
Molar Mass	$M_2$	0.09806
Molar Mass	$M_3$	0.23426
Molar Mass	$M_4$	0.236
Universal gas constant	$R$	8.314
Reference temperature	$T_{ref}$	293
St.dev of measurement error	$\sigma$	1

Parameters
Name	Symbol	Value
Steric factor	$k_1$	$p_1 \cdot 0.01$
Steric factor	$k_{kat}$	$p_2 \cdot 0.10$
Activation energie	$E_1$	$p_3 \cdot 60000$
Activation energie	$E_{kat}$	$p_4 \cdot 40000$
Catalyst deactivation coefficient	$\lambda$	$p_5 \cdot 0.25$

with $p_j = 1, \ j =1, \dots, 5$

Control variables
Name	Symbol	Interval
Initial molar number 1	$n_{a1}$	[0.4,9.0]
Initial molar number 2	$n_{a2}$	[0.4,9.0]
Initial molar number 4	$n_{a4}$	[0.4,9.0]
Concentration of the catalyst	$c_{kat}$	[0.0,6.0]
Initial molar number 1	$\vartheta(t)$	[20.0,100.0]